Furrow irrigation is suitable for row crops and vegetables and also suitable for soils in which the infiltration rates vary between 0.5 and 2.5 cm/hr. This type of irrigation is suitable for slopes varying from 0.2 to 0.5 per cent and when the stream size is 1-2 liters/sec. Furrows are very effective in areas requiring surface drainage or prone to temporary water logging. The practice of alternate or skip furrow irrigation can save considerable quantity of water without significantly affecting yields in areas where water for irrigation purposes is scarce.
How post-harvest management is done in mangoes?
Fruits are graded according to their size, weight, colour and maturity after harvest. Packaging of fruits should be done in corrugated fiberboard (CFB) boxes. Tissue paper and polythene foam paper are used for wrapping high-value fresh mangoes. Polyethylene lining has been found beneficial as it maintains humidity, which results in lesser shrinkage during storage. Dashahari treated with calcium chloride solution (4%) at sub-atmospheric pressure of 500 mm Hg
for 5 minutes can be stored at 12 degree C for 27 days.
What is the principle of soil sampling?
Soil testing is a significant part of soil resource management. Each sample collected act as representative of the area being sampled. Utility of the results obtained from the laboratory analysis depends on the sampling precision. In order to obtain sample of desired size by sub-sampling collection of large number of samples is advisable. Sampling is done at the rate of one sample for every two hectare area in general. For a maximum area of five hectares at-least one sample should be collected . Samples are collected from a soil profile representative to the soil of the surrounding area for soil survey work .
What is necrosis in plants?
Necrosis are death of plant tissues, particularly leaf tissue is caused by deficiency of K, Ca, Mg. Necrosis usually occurs in a specific area, like leaves, roots or stems. Often associated with bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasitic insects, necrosis can also be caused by watering plants too much or too little, lack of nutrients or improper amounts of sunlight. Conditions leading to necrosis depend on the plant species, as tolerances to diseases and requirements for sunlight, water and nutrients vary widely across the plant kingdom. Resulting from the death of plant cells, usually turns the dying plant parts brown or black. Often beginning at the tips of leaves, ends of roots or stems, necrosis spreads from those points if the cause of the tissue death is not addressed. Necrosis can also affect plant flowers and fruits, which may result in the complete loss of the crop if the issue is not solved.
What are the symptoms of phosphorous deficiency ?
Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency include stunted appearance of plant, characteristic dark to blue-green discoloration of matured leaves , and restricted root development. In acute deficiency, occasional purpling of leaves and stems and spindly growth can be observed. Delayed maturity and poor seed and fruit development also occurs due to phosphorus deficiency.
How to correct acidic soil ?
Soil acidity can be corrected easily by liming the soil, or adding basic materials to neutralize the acid present. The most commonly used liming material is agricultural limestone, the most economical and relatively easy to manage source. The limestone is not very water-soluble, making it easy to handle. Limestone acts as a soil acid neutralizer and consists of either calcium and magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate. These are called dolomitic limestone and calcitic limestone respectively. Adding organic matter to the soil helps in balancing soil pH.
What is the use of a tractor mounted sprayer?
These are hydraulic energy sprayers. They utilize PTO power of the tractor to operate the pump of the sprayer. Basically the spray boom can be arranged in two ways; ground spray boom and overhead spray boom. The overhead spray boom is designed for tall field crops and the planting is done in such a way that it leaves an unplanted strip of about 2.5 m width for operation of the tractor. Therefore a planted strip may be 18-20 m wide and after every planted strip fallow strip has to be left for tractor operation. For ground spray boom the planting has to be done in rows keeping in view track width of the tractor. It is suitable for use when the crop is small.
What is a foundation seed?
Foundation seed is the progeny of breeder seed and is produced by State Farm Corporation of India, National Seed Corporation, State seed Corporation under technical control of qualified plant breeders or technical officers. Its production is supervised and approved by certification agency. The genetic purity of foundation seed should be maintained at 99.5 per cent. A white colour certificate is issued for foundation seed by seed certification agencies.
What are the characteristics of a good seed?
Seeds are classified as good on the basis of genetic purity, physical purity, and high pure seed percentage. Seed should be free from designated diseases like loose smut in wheat ,free from objectionable weed seed like wild paddy in paddy, have good shape, size, colour, etc. according to specifications of variety, have high physical soundness and weight, posses high physiological vigour and stamina , Posses high longevity and shelf life and have optimum moisture content for storage.
What is Evapotranspiration and how it is important?
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the combined loss of water in the form of evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant through the stomata. Evapotranspiration which is the sum of transpiration through plant canopy and evaporation from soil, plant, and open water surface, can be the largest component of the hydrologic cycle. Improved techniques are needed for accurate quantification of ET on a field, watershed, and regional scale to enhance efficient use of water resources and protect the environment and water quality. Accurate quantification of ET is crucial in water allocation, irrigation management, evaluating the effects of changing land use on water yield, environmental assessment, and development of best management practices to protect surface and groundwater quantity and quality.