In soyabean seed treatment is done using fungicides. Biocontrol agents are compatible with biofertilizers. First treat the seeds with biocontrol agents and then with Rhizobium. Fungicides and biocontrol agents are incompatible. Treat the seeds with Carbendezim or Thiram @ 2g/kg of seed 24hrs before sowing or with talc formulation of Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg seed (or) Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed. Coat the seeds with ZnSO4 @ 300 mg/kg using 10% maida solution as adhesive (250 ml/ kg) or gruel and arappu leaf powder (250 g/kg) as carrier to increase the field stand.
What is rotational irrigation ?
Rotational irrigation is the application of required quantity of irrigation water at regular interval such that there may not be any standing water in field between two irrigations. Irrigation interval is adjusted in such a way that the crop will not experience water deficits at any period. It is usually followed at time of deficit water supplies. Major advantage of rotational irrigation is possibly the more effective use of rainfall.
Which are the critical stages of irrigation for rice ?
The critical stage of water requirement refers to the point at which water stress produces substantial yield decrease. It’s also referred to as the moisture-sensitive phase. Critical stages of water requirement in rice are active tillering, panicle initiation, booting, heading and flowering. During theses stages, the irrigation interval should not exceed the stipulated time so as to cause the depletion of moisture below the saturation level.
What is harrowing and what is its purpose?
Harrowing is a shallow-depth secondary tillage activity for smoothing and pulverising the soil, as well as cutting weeds and mixing materials with the soil. Soil of the seedbeds are pulverized by harrowing. Harrowing is done to destroy grasses and seeds in the field , to cut crop residues and mix them with top soil of the field, and to break the big clods and to make the field surface uniform and levelled. Harrowing is carried out when the moisture content of the clods are reduced.
What is Laser Land Levelling ?
Laser land levelling involves utilising a directed laser beam to level the field within a specified degree of desired slope. The germination, stand, and yield of crops are all affected by the unevenness of the soil surface. Farmers are aware of this and dedicate significant effort and energy to properly levelling their fields. Traditional land levelling procedures, on the other hand, are inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Laser land levelling helps to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilisation and helps in better water distribution and conservation.
What are the benefits of neem ?
Neem is a member of the mahogany family, Meliaceae. Azadirachta indica is the botanical name for it today. It is a widely used medicinal herb in Indian home medicines. It is well-known for its natural ability to repel pests ranging from mosquitoes to termites, which is made possible in part by the presence of the chemical component Azadirachtin, a naturally occurring pest repellant. Neem oil is made by cold-pressing neem tree kernels in their finest form. The seeds and leaves generate the most oil, although any part of the plant can be used. After the oil from Neem kernels is extracted, the residue that is devoid of oil is known as Neem Cake. NPK (or nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium), as well as nortriterpenoids and isoprenoids, are found in this seed kernel and these nutrients are nematicidal in nature.
How to control pink bollworm in cotton ?
The pink bollworm has developed resistance to first-generation transgenic Bt cotton (Bollgard cotton) that expresses a single Bt gene in portions of India (Cry1Ac). In portions of Gujarat, India, Monsanto has conceded that this cultivar is inefficient against the pink bollworm pest. Insecticides are used to control infestations on vulnerable cotton. Once a crop has been harvested, the field is ploughed under as soon as possible to break the bollworm’s life cycle. The larvae are found in unharvested bolls, thus they are eliminated. To drown out any lingering bugs, the plants are ploughed into the ground and the fields are liberally irrigated. After harvest, some farmers burn the stubble. Bollworms that survive the winter in the field will re-infest the following season. Mating disruption, pesticides, and the release of sterile males that mate with females but do not fertilise their eggs are also used to manage bollworm populations.
How pink bollworm causes damage in cotton ?
The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a pest in the cotton industry. The adult is a little grey moth with fringed wings that is small and slender. The larva is a dull white caterpillar with eight pairs of legs and prominent pink striping running along its back. The larva grows to be about a half-inch long. The female moth lays her eggs in a cotton boll, and the larvae that hatch cause damage to the plant by feeding. They eat the seeds by chewing through the cotton lint. Cotton is utilised for both fibre and seed oil, therefore the harm is doubled. Other insects and fungus can enter the boll through the protective tissue that has been disrupted.
What is the climate requirement for growing cotton ?
Cotton is a subtropical climate crop. Cotton requires a minimum temperature of 600 degrees Fahrenheit for germination, 70 degrees Fahrenheit for vegetative growth, and 80 degrees Fahrenheit with cool nights during the fruiting season. Unless cotton is produced on irrigated soils, cotton requires at least 50 cm of yearly rainfall. Rains and severe humid weather later in the cotton season may ruin the crop, reduce its ginning qualities, or encourage insect, pest, and disease attack. Rain at this stage will discolor the lint and impair its quality, therefore the weather should be clean while harvesting.
What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency in plants ?
Calcium insufficiency manifests itself first on younger leaves and tissues, with stunted growth and a bushy look. The youngest leaves are often tiny and malformed, with brown chlorotic patches growing along the borders and finally uniting in the middle. Leaves may be cup-shaped and crinkled and the terminal buds deteriorate with some breakdown of petioles. Veins are also brown, making the black veins of fully necrotic leaves a common trait of Ca-deficient plants. Crinkled and torn leaves are also possible. In Ca-deficient plants, root tip development is inhibited. Under severe deficiency ,dessication of growing points of plants occur.
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